In this paper we shall consider the pragmatic aspects of translation
that are connected with the participants in the translation act: the Sender
(S), the Reciever (R), the Translator (Tr).
Most East European and Soviet linguists view translation as indirect
cross-Ianguage and cross-cultural communication (Jager, 1975:
Komissarov, 1980: Shveitser, 1988). Translation is necessitated when
participants do not share a common language; due to this, direct
communication, which is a two phase process (creation of the text by S
and perception of the text by R), indirect communication via a Tr has in
addition an intermediate stage, of transforming the text expressed in one
language code into the language code of the R. The task of the Tr is to
facilitate the contact between participants who do not share a common
language, and to retain an equivalence between the original text and the
textthat results from the transformation. The translator's role is compl icated
by the fact that the primary communication act and the secondary
communication act may be taking place in different historical, temporal
and cultural locations
